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C++ Vectors for Beginners

 If you're new to C++, you've probably met arrays and found them a bit annoying. Their size is fixed, so if you need to store one more item than you planned, you're stuck. Vectors fix that problem. This guide explains what vectors are and how to use them, one small step at a time. No prior knowledge needed. What Is a Vector in C++? A vector is a container that holds a list of items, like numbers or letters. Think of it as a magic shopping list : you can add items, cross them off, and the list stretches or shrinks to fit. Here's what makes vectors useful: They grow and shrink automatically. You don't have to decide the size in advance. You can jump to any item instantly. Asking for the 3rd item is just as fast as asking for the 300th. Adding or removing at the end is fast. They manage their own memory. You don't have to do it yourself, which is great when you're learning. Vectors come from the C++ Standard Template Library (STL), a toolbox of r...
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std::expected vs Exceptions for CLI Tools

If you've ever written a command-line tool in C++, you've hit this moment: a file won't open, a flag is malformed, a config value is garbage — and now what? Do you throw ? Do you return some sentinel value and hope everyone remembers to check it? C++23 gave us a new option, std::expected , and it's changed how a lot of people answer that question. This article walks through both approaches, explains the tradeoffs in plain English, and shows real code so you can decide for yourself. The Core Idea, In One Sentence Exceptions say "something went wrong, stop everything, and let some code way up the call stack deal with it." std::expected says "this function might fail, so its return type honestly says so — you can't ignore it without looking silly." That's really the whole philosophical difference. Everything else is details. A Mental Model: The Post Office vs. The Vending Machine Think of exceptions like mailing a letter. You drop it in...
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std::expected: Error Handling in C++23

 The Problem We're Actually Solving Let's start before the code. Imagine you write a function that divides two numbers. Easy, right? Except... what happens if someone tries to divide by zero? Your function needs a way to say "hey, something went wrong here" without crashing the whole program or lying about the result. For decades, C++ programmers have had a few messy options: Throw an exception — works, but exceptions are expensive, and some codebases (game engines, embedded systems) avoid them entirely. Return an error code — cheap, but easy to ignore. Nobody checks return codes reliably, and you lose the "why" behind the failure. Use an output parameter — pass a pointer or reference to fill in with an error. Clunky and easy to mess up. Return a std::optional — tells you something failed, but not what or why . C++23 gives us a much cleaner tool: std::expected . Think of it as a box that either contains your successful result, or contains the ...
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C++ Conan + CMake Presets

 If you've ever tried to build a C++ project and thought "why is this so much harder than every other language," you're not crazy. C++ doesn't come with a built-in way to grab libraries or remember your build settings. Two tools fix that: Conan (fetches libraries) and CMake Presets (remembers your settings). Let's build something real together. First, What Even Are These Two Things? Think of building a C++ project like cooking a meal. Conan is your grocery delivery service. You tell it "I need fmt, I need Boost, I need zlib" and it shows up with those ingredients already prepped, instead of you driving to five different stores. CMake is your recipe/instructions for actually cooking (compiling) the meal (your program). CMake Presets are like saving your favorite recipe settings — "always preheat to 375, always use the big pot" — so you don't have to type the same long commands every single time. Put together: Conan gets your...
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C++ vcpkg Manifest Mode + CMake

 If you've ever tried to install a C++ library and felt like you were assembling furniture without instructions, this article is for you. We're going to talk about vcpkg manifest mode and how it works with CMake , and I'm going to explain it like you're five years old (in a good way — no judgment here). First, Let's Talk About the Problem In most programming languages, adding a library is easy. Python has pip install requests . JavaScript has npm install express . You type one command, and boom, the library shows up in your project. C++ never really had that. For decades, if you wanted to use a library like fmt or nlohmann/json , you had to: Download the source code yourself Figure out how to compile it Tell your compiler where to find the headers Tell your linker where to find the compiled binaries Cry a little vcpkg is Microsoft's answer to this mess. It's a package manager for C++ — like pip or npm , but for C++ libraries. And manifest mode...
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HTML Paragraphs

 So you're learning HTML and you've stumbled onto this thing called the "paragraph tag." Maybe someone told you to use <p> and you just nodded along like you totally understood. No judgment here — let's actually break it down so it clicks. First, What Even Is a Paragraph in HTML? Think about writing an essay in Microsoft Word. When you hit Enter twice, you start a new paragraph, right? There's a little gap, a fresh block of text begins, and your reader's brain goes "okay, new thought incoming." HTML paragraphs do the exact same job, except instead of hitting Enter, you wrap your text in a tag that looks like this: <p>This is a paragraph. Hello, world!</p> That's it. That's the whole trick. The <p> says "start a paragraph here" and the </p> says "okay, we're done, wrap it up." Everything sandwiched in between is treated as one cozy little block of text. Why Can't I Just Pre...
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HTML Headings

Let's be honest — the first time you saw <h1> and <h2> tags in some tutorial, your eyes probably glazed over. That's fair. Most explanations make headings sound way more complicated than they are. So let's fix that. What is a heading, really? Think about a book. Every chapter has a title in big letters. That title tells you "hey, this is where a new chapter starts, and here's what it's about." A heading in HTML does the exact same job for a webpage. HTML gives you six sizes to work with: <h1> through <h6> . <h1>Biggest heading — the main title</h1> <h2>A little smaller</h2> <h3>Smaller still</h3> <h4>Getting small</h4> <h5>Pretty small</h5> <h6>Tiny — barely used</h6> Drop that into any HTML file and the browser automatically makes <h1> look huge and bold, and <h6> look small and plain. No CSS required. It just works out of the box. Think ...
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